Theoretical background and research model
The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) The ELM is a dual process theory of attitude formation and change resulting in persuasion outcomes. Attitudes are formed and modified as individuals obtain and process information related to the type of information they receive, and the cognitive energy each decides to expend to process that information [13]. As briefly outlined in the introduction, elaboration likelihood is an important aspect of the ELM whenever individuals scrutinize and pay attention to issue-relevant arguments. Those with interest in a topic will most probably take the time to read and process the informational arguments presented. By contrast, those who are less interested will make judgments based on less elaboration and will seek cues to guide attitude formation. When elaboration is high, an individual gravitates toward the central route of persuasion through arguments. When elaboration is low, a peripheral route is preferred [13].
From an online design perspective, Oinas-Kukkonen and Harjumaa [3] proposed the key to persuasion is to better understand both direct and indirect routes to persuasion. Some researchers have proposed that a website can persuade by inspiring positive motivation (e.g., [3,20,21]), offering visual and aesthetic cues [22], or providing social support [8,9,23]. Despite this, there are relatively few studies that have empirically investigated the role of design (the peripheral route) related to persuasion and attitude change, or in the context of the ELM. One exception, SanJose-Cabezudo et al. [15] tested the content (direct route) and the format (indirect route) of a fictitious travel website to examine user perceptions of advertising effectiveness. Website content referred to information as presented on the website (e.g., concerning D. Cyr et al. Information amp; Management 55 (2018) 807–821 808 the companyrsquo;s prices, products, and availability). Using the ELM in their investigation, the authors indicated that website content is synonymous with direct arguments for persuasion because its elaboration requires thoughtful processing. Alternately, peripheral cues differ from the message arguments, as they were not issue or product relevant and were instead more related to the affective or emotional states experienced by users in the context of persuasion. Design elements are the substance of these peripheral cues, and users are not required to exert too much effort to process them. Specifically, the research manipulated elements of design such as font type, photographs, and images to impart an impression that the website was either serious or amusing. The authors concluded that in an online context, and contrary to the original ELM, not only one route but both central and peripheral routes “act jointly and significantly to impact attitudes and intentions in individualsrsquo; behavior” ([15], p. 306). This is an important finding and leads us to believe that both direct and indirect routes to persuasion should be tested simultaneously as in the present research.
Design elements take many forms. In the current investigation, we draw on Foggrsquo;s [2] “triad” of elements that he advocates contribute to online persuasion. This includes tools to increase capability; media that can be symbolic and sensory such as “text, graphics, charts, and icons” ([2], p. 25) and social actors who create relationships with the user and provide social support. These dimensions further resonate with persuasive design elements proposed by Allammad and Gulliver [8,9], which are website usefulness and ease-of-use; the presence of visually appealing stimuli; social support; and the presence of dialog to provide feedback to consumers. Building on the preceding, in this study, we chose design elements that have been previously tested. This includes Navigation to enhance capability through usefulness and ease-of-use [24,25]; Image Appeal to evoke a sensory and aesthetic visual experience for the user [26,27]; Social Presence, which is associated with the warmth and sociability of the websitersquo;s design [28,29]; and Connectedness, which is likewise aligned to social support [30,31]. It should be noted that in all cases, the design elements and Connectedness are perceived by the user rather than objective. For example, for Connectedness, this is based on the perception by the user that he or she feels a benefit from input from the community on the persuasive website, rather than any actual content feature.
As outlined in the introductory section, involvement is a form of motivation in the ELM and serves as a determinant as to whether attitude change occurs through the central or peripheral routes [13]. Further, consistent with Beatty et al. [32] and as an extension to the ELM, we test the mediating role of change in issue involvement between the central and peripheral routes to persuasion and attitude change by the user toward the persuasive issue. We are unaware of any prior empirical investigation in which issue involvement is investigated concurrently with both argument quality (the central route) and website design features and connectedness (peripheral routes). In most studies on attitude change, issue involvement is artificially manipulated and has been “criticized for the difficulty it poses in confirming that the manipulation actually took effect and the respondent takes on the prescribed involvement” ([33], p. 353). Therefore, in this study, we attempt to circumvent this issue by assessing user involvement prior to and following review of a website and to determine change in issue involvement.
Finally, prior expertise or experience constitutes part of the ELM concerning how elaboration likelihood occurs. Those knowledgeable in the issue for persuasion are more likely to thoughtfully consider arguments (in this case on a website) than pay attention to peripheral cues. The opposite applies to non-experts and tho
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一、理论背景和研究模型
精化可能性模型(ELM)ELM是态度形成和变化的双重过程理论导致说服结果。态度形成和修改为个人获取和处理与信息类型相关的信息,他们接受了,每个人都决定消耗认知能量处理这些信息。如简介中所述,阐述可能性是ELM的一个重要方面每当个人仔细审查并注意与问题相关时参数。那些对某个主题感兴趣的人最有可能会参加,是时候阅读和处理所提供的信息论点了。相反,那些不太感兴趣的人会做出基于的判断作出较少阐述,并将寻求指导态度形成的线索。至于什么时候进行精细化,个人倾向于中心路线,通过论证说服。 精心设计外围设备而这种路线是首选。
从在线设计的角度来看,Oinas-Kukkonen和Harjumaa提出说服的关键是为了更好地直接理解和说服的间接途径。一些研究人员提出这一点:一个网站可以通过激发积极的动机来说服,提供视觉和美学线索或提供社交支持。尽管如此,只有相对较少的研究,凭经验调查设计的作用(外围路线)以及相关的说服和改变态度,或在ELM的背景下。测试了内容(直接路线)和虚构旅游网站的格式(间接路线),来检查用户对广告效果的看法。使用ELM后,他们的调查表明,网站内容是同义词,因为它的阐述而直接论证说服力
需要周到的处理。或者,外围线索不同于消息参数,因为它们不是问题或与产品相关的问题,而是与经历的情感或情感状态更相关,用户在说服的背景下。设计元素是这些外围线索的实质内容,它并不要求用户发挥作用,用过多的努力来处理它们。具体来说,研究操纵了设计元素,如字体类型,照片和图像,这个网站既严肃又有趣的印象。作者的结论是在网络环境中,与原来相反的ELM,不仅是一条路线,而且是中央和外围路线的行为联合和重大地影响个人的态度和意图行为。这是一个重要的发现和让我们相信直接和间接的说服途径,所以作者认为应像本研究一样同时进行测试。
设计元素有很多种形式。在目前的调查中,我们借用福克的“三元组”,他提倡的元素有所贡献,在线说服,这包括提高能力的工具;媒体说可以是象征和感官,如“文本,图形,图表和图标”和与用户建立关系的社会行动者提供社会支持。这些维度进一步引起了说服力Allammad和Gulliver提出的设计元素,这是网站的有用性和易用性;视觉的存在吸引人的刺激;社会支持;以及提供对话的存在反馈给消费者。建立在前面,在这项研究中,我们选择以前测试过的设计元素。这包括通过有用性和易用性进行导航以增强功能,Image呼吁唤起感官和审美视觉体验,对于用户;社交存在与之相关,网站设计的温暖和社交性;和连通性,这同样符合社会支持。它应该注意的是,在所有情况下,设计元素和连接性被用户感知。例如,对于连接性,这是基于用户对他或她的感知,从有说服力的社区投入中获益,而不是从任何实际的内容功能中获得收益。
正如介绍部分所述,参与是一种形式,是ELM中的动机并且是否是态度的决定因素,通过中心或外围途径发生变化。此外,与Beatty等人一致。作为ELM,我们测试变化在问题介入之间的中介作用说服和态度的中心和外围途径用户改变为有说服力的问题。我们没有意识到任何先前的实证调查,其中调查问题参与的同时具有参数质量(中心路线)和网站设计特征和连通性(外围路线)。多数情况关于态度变化的研究,问题参与是人为操纵的并且一直“因为在确认这个问题上遇到的困难而受到批评,操纵实际上已经生效,受访者接受了
规定的参与“。因此,在这项研究中,我们试图通过评估用户参与之前来解决这个问题并在审查网站后确定问题的变化。
最后,先前的专业知识或经验构成ELM的一部分,而关于如何发生可能性。 那些知识渊博的人说服问题更有可能考虑参数(在这种情况下在网站上),注意外围线索。相反的情况适用于非专家和知识渊博的人。这项研究的兴趣在于用户的先前水平,对说服问题的了解将会缓和中央和外部问题,最终参与外围线索导致问题的变化。
与前面的讨论相关,我们构建了一个研究模型,评估论证质量的相对影响,设计(图像上诉,导航设计,社交存在)和连接关于问题参与的变化。另外,我们也是有兴趣调查问题参与的变化是否会发生调解论证质量,设计元素和连接性的影响。Prior Knowledge将进行测试调整对论证质量的影响,设计元素以及连通性。我们还测试了Prior的直接路径对态度变化的认识。选择态度变化作为我们的内生变量提出的模型是因为态度是在信息形成和改变时形成的处理,传统上态度的改变与使用ELM的说服相关。而且与之对齐。最初的ELM [13]和网站环境中的ELM问题参与是我们模型的一部分,更具体地说,我们研究的是问题参与的变化作用。先验知识是在Flavian Blanco等人的基础上选择我们模型中的主持人。谁检查了用户对熟悉度的调节作用,谁就在线提供有关网站效果的产品。如前所述,知识或专业知识的水平也是最初的ELM,其可提高可能性并与之相关。在ELM的基础上,Argument Quality已经稳固发展建立作为书面提供的说服的中心路线,内容和消息因此被包括作为一个独立变量。如前所述,选择的设计元素是Image Appeal,,在先前设计中测试的导航,社交存在和连接性,研究并得到其他研究在线说服的人的支持,在后续章节中将详细介绍有助于我们模型的结构。
二、假设发展
1.问题参与变化与态度变化之间的关系
正如介绍部分所述,参与是一种形式ELM中的动机和说服机制(例如,外围或中心路线)其将直接导致态度改变。问题参与将会影响承诺。劝说是对a的修改,基于对信息的解释的私人信仰或态度。一个社交技术信息系统如网站具有潜力来改变,改变或强化态度。符合经典ELM,以及网站环境中的ELM ,一旦发布了参与将影响用户对说服主题的态度。虽然到目前为止,研究已经研究了问题涉及的影响,而在态度转变方面,我们期待通过说服的途径来使更复杂。更细致的视角尽可能的取决于用户的原始立场,以及发生时的问题参与的变化,信息(在我们的例子中来自中心和外围路线)是在网站上呈现。在某种程度上,我们将这个假设建立在工作上的SanJose-Cabezudo只研究了高度参与在线背景和结论:“ELM应该考虑影响对媒介的动机的定性维度。个人行为模式将影响他们对广告的反应;也就是说,它将决定哪种广告刺激措施更有效。”。在ELM中,动机是用户参与的程度。例如,对某个问题不确定的人经常会寻求来自他人的输入,并根据提供的信息,这可能有助于改变一个人对该问题的参与程度。在我们的Web上下文,参数质量,设计元素和连通性可以用来提供这样的输入,并且有兴趣探索这是如何导致问题参与的变化导致态度改变。该种说法也在前面引导我们提出我们的第一个假设:
2.论证质量与问题参与变化之间的关系
在网站环境中,信息质量对用户很重要,并对用户态度,参与和行为产生影响。在电子商务中,“客户对网站信息内容不满意,将离开网站而不进行购买。“信息的适当性和完整性是前提,用户对网站有用性的看法,信任,满意度和参与程度与ELM相关,参数质量是基于的中心路线,论证的力量,它与用户的参与有关,以说服为主题。取决于用户的感知质量,在网站上的论点,用户可能会动摇改变他们的问题参与程度。这反过来会导致态度的改变从而走向说服主题。 Angst和Agarwal 应用了ELM审查采用电子的个人说服力的健康记录。这些研究人员特别感兴趣于论证框架和问题参与如何相互影响隐私问题占上风时的个人说服力。他们发现一个人对信息隐私的关注是一种功能,论证框架和问题参与,反过来影响态度使用电子健康记录的情况。虽然不是相同的结构,我们有兴趣检查参数质量最终会同样影响用户的问题参与程度导致态度转变。
在当前的研究中,在浏览了一个关于有争议的Keystone XL管道的网站后,用户被问及他们是否发现该主题有趣,涉及和个人相关。 在细化可能性的连续性上,用户对说服性主题的参与将在不同程度上发生。
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